Are you preparing for Class 10 Political Science and feeling overwhelmed by complex concepts?
You’re not alone! Political Parties Assertion-Reason Questions often challenge students because they require deep understanding of democratic principles and their real-world applications.
I remember when I first encountered these questions – they seemed tricky because they test not just your memory, but your ability to connect democratic theories with actual outcomes.
That’s exactly why I’ve created this comprehensive guide to help you navigate through the most important Political Parties Assertion-Reason Questions with confidence.
But,
Before attempting Political Parties Assertion-Reason Questions, I suggest you to please read Our Explanantion to Political Parties
🔍 1. The Question:
Assertion (A): Political parties are among the most visible institutions in a democracy.
Reason (R): Most ordinary citizens equate democracy with political parties.
💡 Let’s Solve Step-by-Step!
- Is Assertion (A) TRUE?
✅ Yes! The source says parties are “easily one of the most visible institutions”. Think rallies, logos, and news debates! - Is Reason (R) TRUE?
✅ Yes! The source states: “For most ordinary citizens, democracy is equal to political parties”. Many link voting → parties → democracy itself! - Does R Explain A?
🤔 Connect the Dots!- If people see democracy as parties (R), then parties naturally become hyper-visible (A)!
- Example: Remote areas might not know the Constitution but recognize party symbols.
→ R is the correct explanation for A!
Q1.🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A!
Justification:
📌 Visibility of Political Parties (Assertion A):
➡️ NCERT states: Parties are “easily one of the most visible institutions”.
➡️ Why? They dominate elections, media debates, rallies, and public campaigns.
📌 Public Perception of Democracy (Reason R):
➡️ NCERT notes: For most citizens, “democracy = political parties”.
➡️ Proof: Remote areas recognize party symbols 🎗️ more than constitutional details and the government nature.
📌 The Critical Link (Why R Explains A):
➡️ Logic: If people equate democracy with parties (R), parties naturally dominate visibility (A).
➡️ Example: Just as a brand’s logo 🏷️ becomes its identity, parties become the “face” of democracy.
In Short ,
- A’s Truth → Parties are everywhere.
- R’s Truth → People see democracy as parties
- Assertion (A): Political parties are among the most visible institutions in a democracy.
- Reason (R): Most ordinary citizens equate democracy with political parties.
🔍 2. The Question:
Assertion (A): Popular dissatisfaction with political parties is not limited to India.
Reason (R): Political parties are one of the least trusted institutions all over the world.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states dissatisfaction is “partly true for India” and applies to “most other democracies”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT calls parties “one of the least trusted institutions globally”. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! Global distrust in parties (R) fuels dissatisfaction (A).
→ Example: If everyone distrusts a brand 🌐, dissatisfaction spreads worldwide!
Q2.🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A!
- A’s Validity: NCERT notes dissatisfaction exists in India and globally.
- R’s Validity: Parties rank among the least trusted institutions worldwide.
- Connection: Distrust → Discontent. Example: If everyone hates traffic jams 🚗💨, the hate isn’t limited to one city!
- Verdict: ✅ R explains A. Global distrust = Global dissatisfaction.
🔍 3. The Question:
Assertion (A): Political parties are necessary for modern democracies.
Reason (R): Modern democracies cannot exist without political parties performing key functions like contesting elections and forming governments.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT declares parties are “a necessary condition for a democracy”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states democracies “cannot exist” without parties performing core tasks (e.g., elections, governance). - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R defines why parties are necessary (A). No parties = No election contests, governance structures, or stable democracies.
Q3.🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A!
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | Parties are “necessary for democracies” as they fulfill essential needs. |
| R’s Validity | Democracies require parties to contest elections, form governments, and function. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | R proves A by detailing why parties are indispensable. |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R is the correct explanation for A. No parties = No modern democracy. |
🔍 4. The Question:
Assertion (A): In a hypothetical situation without political parties, no one would be responsible for how the country is run.
Reason (R): In a non-party system, elected representatives would only be accountable to their local constituency.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states no parties → “no one responsible for how the country is run”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT says reps in a non-party system are “accountable to their constituency” locally. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! Local accountability (R) → No national responsibility (A).
Q4.🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Cue mic drop! 🎤)
🔍 5. The Question:
Assertion (A): Political parties reduce a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions.
Reason (R): A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the ruling party.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT says parties “reduce opinions into basic positions”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT confirms governments follow the “ruling party’s line”. - Does R explain A?
❌ No! R is a consequence of A, not the cause.
Q5.🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, but R does NOT explain A! (Plot twist! 🌀)
🔍 6. The Question:
Assertion (A): The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies.
Reason (R): Large societies require representative democracy and needed agencies to gather views and present them to the government.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT links parties’ rise to “representative democracies”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states large societies need “agencies to gather views” (parties). - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R explains why parties emerged (to bridge society & govt).
Q6.🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Eureka! 💡)
🔍 7. The Question:
Assertion (A): A party is known by which part of society it stands for.
Reason (R): Parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT says parties are “known by which part they stand for”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states parties “reflect political divisions”. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! Divisions (R) → Parties align with specific groups (A).
Q7.🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Nailed it! 🔨)
🔍 8. The Question:
Assertion (A): In India, national parties are compelled to form alliances with State parties since 1996.
Reason (R): No single national party was able to secure a majority in the Lok Sabha on its own until 2014.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT confirms alliances “since 1996” due to no majority. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states “no national party secured majority until 2014”. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R’s lack of majority → Forced alliances (A).
Q8.🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Coalition confirmed! 🤝)
🔍 9. The Question:
Assertion (A): One-party systems are considered a democratic option.
Reason (R): In one-party systems, only one party is allowed to control and run the government, and the electoral system does not permit free competition.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
❌ No! NCERT calls one-party systems “not democratic”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT describes one-party systems as “no free competition”. - Does R explain A’s falsity?
🤝 Yes! R’s lack of competition → A is undemocratic.
Q9.🎯 Final Answer:
A is FALSE, R is TRUE, and R explains A’s falsity! (Democracy denied! 🚫)
🔍 10. The Question:
Assertion (A): The United States of America and the United Kingdom are examples of a multiparty system.
Reason (R): In a multiparty system, several parties compete for power, and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
❌ No! NCERT labels USA/UK as “two-party systems”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! R correctly defines a multiparty system. - Does R explain A?
❌ No! A uses wrong examples despite R’s accuracy.
Q10.🎯 Final Answer:
A is FALSE, R is TRUE, but R doesn’t explain A! (Oops, wrong examples! ❌)
🔍 11. The Question:
Assertion (A): In a multiparty system, the government is often formed by various parties coming together in a coalition.
Reason (R): A multiparty system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states coalitions form in multiparty systems. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT says multiparty systems “allow varied representation”. - Does R explain A?
❌ No! R describes a feature, not the cause of coalitions.
Q11.🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, but R does NOT explain A! (Coalitions ≠ Representation link! 🔄)
🔍 12. The Question:
Assertion (A): The party system in a country is something that can be quickly changed by choice.
Reason (R): Party systems evolve over a long time based on factors like society’s nature, divisions, history, and election system.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
❌ No! NCERT says systems “cannot be changed quickly”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT lists long-term factors shaping party systems. - Does R explain A’s falsity?
🤝 Yes! R’s evolutionary factors → A is false.
Q12.🎯 Final Answer:
A is FALSE, R is TRUE, and R explains A’s falsity! (Time is key! ⏳)
🔍 13. The Question:
Assertion (A): The social and geographical diversity of India is easily absorbed by just two or three parties.
Reason (R): India has evolved a multiparty system.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
❌ No! NCERT says diversity *“not easily absorbed by 2-3 parties”*. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! India has a “multiparty system” per NCERT. - Does R explain A’s falsity?
🤝 Yes! R exists because A is false.
Q13🎯 Final Answer:
A is FALSE, R is TRUE, and R explains A’s falsity! (Diversity demands many parties! 🌈)
🔍 14. The Question:
Assertion (A): Political parties are always popular in democracies.
Reason (R): They are very visible institutions.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
❌ No! NCERT states parties are visible but “not popular”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT calls parties “most visible”. - Does R explain A?
❌ No! Visibility ≠ popularity.
Q14.🎯 Final Answer:
A is FALSE, R is TRUE, but R doesn’t explain A! (Fame ≠ Love! 💔)
🔍 15. The Question:
Assertion (A): Over the last three decades, the proportion of those who report to be members of political parties in India has declined.
Reason (R): Citizens in India are indifferent to political parties.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
❌ No! NCERT says membership “has gone up steadily”. - Is R true?
❌ No! NCERT notes “high participation”, debunking indifference.
Q16.🎯 Final Answer:
A is FALSE, R is FALSE! (Double wrong! ❌❌)
🔍 16. The Question:
Assertion (A): A party is recognised as a State party if it secures at least six per cent of the total votes in a State Assembly election and wins at least two seats.
Reason (R): The Election Commission lays down detailed criteria for party recognition.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT lists the 6% + 2 seats rule. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! EC sets recognition criteria per NCERT. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R establishes the authority behind A’s criteria.
Q16.🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Rules rule! ⚖️)
🔍 17. The Question:
Assertion (A): A party is recognised as a national party if it secures at least four per cent of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections.
Reason (R): National parties must have a presence in several or all units of the federation.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
❌ No! NCERT requires 6% votes, not 4%. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states national parties need multi-state presence.
Q17.🎯 Final Answer:
A is FALSE, R is TRUE! (Wrong percentage alert! 🚨)
🔍 18. The Question:
Assertion (A): The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) was formed following the 2011 anti-corruption movement.
Reason (R): AAP’s founding principles include accountability, clean administration, transparency, and good governance.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT links AAP to the *“2011 anti-corruption movement”*. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT lists AAP’s principles as “accountability, transparency”. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! Anti-corruption ideals (R) drove AAP’s formation (A).
Q18.🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Clean sweep! 🧹)
🔍 19. The Question:
Assertion (A): The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) draws inspiration from Babasaheb Ambedkar.
Reason (R): BSP seeks to represent and secure power for the bahujan samaj, including dalits and oppressed people.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT says BSP is inspired by “Ambedkar”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states BSP represents “dalits and oppressed”. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! Ambedkar’s focus on marginalized groups (R) aligns with BSP’s inspiration (A).
Q19.🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Legacy lives on! ✊)
🔍 20. The Question:
Assertion (A): The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came to power in 1998 as the leader of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA).
Reason (R): BJP emerged as the largest party with 303 members in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT confirms BJP led NDA in *1998*. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT notes BJP’s *303 seats in 2019*. - Does R explain A?
❌ No! R describes a later event unrelated to 1998.
Q20.🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, but R doesn’t explain A! (Different timelines! ⏳)
🔍 21. The Question:
Assertion (A): Cultural nationalism (‘Hindutva’) is an important element in the Bharatiya Janata Party’s conception of Indian nationhood.
Reason (R): BJP wants to build a strong and modern India by drawing inspiration from India’s ancient culture and values.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states “Cultural nationalism (‘Hindutva’) is an important element” in BJP’s nationhood vision. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT says BJP aims to build India by “drawing inspiration from ancient culture and values”. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R’s focus on ancient values ➔ fuels A’s cultural nationalism.
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Tradition meets modernity! 🌟)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | BJP’s ideology includes “cultural nationalism (Hindutva)” as central to Indian nationhood. |
| R’s Validity | BJP seeks to build a modern India “by drawing inspiration from ancient culture”. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | Ancient cultural inspiration (R) ➔ shapes BJP’s emphasis on Hindutva (A). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R is the correct explanation for A. Cultural roots define national vision. |
🔍 22. The Question:
Assertion (A): The Communist Party of India – Marxist (CPI-M) believes in socialism, secularism, and democracy.
Reason (R): CPI-M accepts democratic elections as a useful means for securing socio-economic justice in India.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT lists CPI-M’s core beliefs as “socialism, secularism, and democracy”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states CPI-M “accepts democratic elections” to achieve socio-economic justice. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R’s acceptance of democratic elections (a pillar of democracy) directly supports A’s inclusion of “democracy” as a core belief.
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Ideology meets action! ✊)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | CPI-M’s ideology includes “socialism, secularism, and democracy”. |
| R’s Validity | CPI-M uses elections as a tool for “securing socio-economic justice”. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | R’s democratic means validate A’s belief in democracy. |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R explains A. Democratic practice (R) aligns with democratic belief (A). |
🔍 23. The Question:
Assertion (A): The Indian National Congress (INC) is ideologically a centrist party.
Reason (R): The INC espouses secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT describes INC as “a centrist party (neither rightist nor leftist)”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states INC “espouses secularism and welfare of weaker sections”. - Does R explain A?
❌ No! R describes policy stances (secularism, welfare) but does not explain ideological centrism (moderate left-right positioning).
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, but R does NOT explain A! (Policies ≠ Ideological Positioning! 🔄)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | INC is “centrist” (neutral on left-right spectrum). |
| R’s Validity | INC supports “secularism and welfare” as core policies. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | Centrism (A) refers to ideological moderation, not specific policies (R). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ A and R are true, but R is unrelated to A’s centrism. |
💡 Takeaway:
Centrism ≠ Policies! INC’s centrist label (A) reflects its moderate ideological stance, while R highlights its policy priorities. NCERT separates these concepts! 📘✨
🔍 24. The Question:
Assertion (A): The National People’s Party (NPP) is the first political party from North East India to attain national party status.
Reason (R): NPP secured one seat in the Lok Sabha in the 2019 election.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT confirms NPP is “the first party from Northeast India to attain national party status”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states NPP “secured one seat in the Lok Sabha in 2019”. - Does R explain A?
❌ No! National party status requires Election Commission criteria (vote share/seats across states/elections), not a single seat win.
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, but R does NOT explain A! (Criteria > Single Seat! 📊)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | NPP is the “first Northeast Indian party to attain national party status”. |
| R’s Validity | NPP won “one Lok Sabha seat in 2019”. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | National status requires multi-state performance, not a single seat. |
| Final Verdict | ✅ A and R are true, but R doesn’t explain A. EC’s criteria define national status. |
🔍 25. The Question:
Assertion (A): State parties are always regional in their ideology and outlook.
Reason (R): State parties are classified by the Election Commission as ‘State parties’.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
❌ No! NCERT clarifies that State parties “need not be regional in their ideology or outlook”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT confirms State parties are “classified by the Election Commission”. - Does R explain A?
❌ No! Classification (R) ≠ Ideology (A).
🎯 Final Answer:
A is FALSE, R is TRUE, but R does NOT explain A! (Classification ≠ Ideology! 🔄)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | State parties “need not be regional in ideology”. |
| R’s Validity | State parties are “classified by the Election Commission”. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | R explains classification, not ideology. |
| Final Verdict | ❌ A is false, R is true, and R does NOT explain A. |
🔍 26. The Question:
Assertion (A): The growing strength of State parties has contributed to the strengthening of federalism in India.
Reason (R): Since 1996, State parties have frequently been part of national-level coalition governments.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states State parties’ growth has “strengthened federalism and democracy”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT notes State parties have been part of “national coalitions since 1996”. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R’s coalition participation ensures regional voices shape national policies, boosting federalism (A).
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Federalism thrives with coalition power! 🌟)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | State parties’ rise has “strengthened federalism” by diversifying Parliament. |
| R’s Validity | State parties frequently joined national coalitions “since 1996”. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | Coalition roles (R) ensure regional influence on national decisions → strengthens federalism (A). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R correctly explains A. Coalition politics = Federal balance. |
🔍 27. The Question:
Assertion (A): A major challenge to political parties is the lack of internal democracy.
Reason (R): There is a tendency towards concentration of power in one or a few leaders, and parties do not hold regular internal elections.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT identifies “lack of internal democracy” as a key challenge. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT lists “concentration of power in a few leaders” and “no regular internal elections” as reasons. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R’s factors (power concentration + no elections) directly define the lack of internal democracy (A).
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Centralization undermines democracy! 🚨)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | “Lack of internal democracy” is the first challenge listed for parties. |
| R’s Validity | Parties suffer from “concentration of power” and “no internal elections”. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | R’s issues are the reasons why internal democracy is lacking (A). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R is the correct explanation for A. Textbook explicitly links R to A. |
🔍 28. The Question:
Assertion (A): Dynastic succession is related to the lack of internal democracy in political parties.
Reason (R): Lack of open and transparent procedures makes it difficult for ordinary workers to rise, and leaders can favour family members.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT links dynastic succession to the “lack of internal democracy” in parties. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states closed procedures block ordinary workers’ growth and let leaders favor “family members”. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R’s lack of transparency → ordinary workers can’t rise → dynastic control (A).
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Closed systems breed dynasties! 🚫🌱)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | Dynastic succession is tied to “lack of internal democracy”. |
| R’s Validity | No open procedures → Leaders favor family. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | R’s opaque systems enable dynastic control (A). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R explains A. Textbook directly links dynasties to undemocratic practices. |
🔍 29. The Question:
Assertion (A): Political parties tend to nominate candidates who have or can raise a lot of money during elections.
Reason (R): Parties are often focused only on winning elections and use short-cuts.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states parties “nominate candidates who have or can raise lots of money”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT says parties focus on “winning elections” and use “short-cuts”. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R’s “win-at-all-costs” mindset (using money as a shortcut) justifies A’s nomination of wealthy candidates.
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Money talks in election shortcuts! 💸)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | Parties prioritize candidates with “lots of money” for elections. |
| R’s Validity | Parties use “short-cuts” to win elections. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | Focus on winning (R) → Money becomes a shortcut → Wealthy candidates chosen (A). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R explains A. Wealth = Tool for electoral shortcuts. |
🔍 30. The Question:
Assertion (A): In some cases, political parties support criminals who can win elections.
Reason (R): This reflects the growing role of money and muscle power in parties.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT explicitly states that parties “support criminals who can win elections”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT identifies “growing role of money and muscle power” as a key challenge. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R’s emphasis on money/muscle power explains why parties back criminals (A).
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Power trumps principles! 🚨)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | Parties “support criminals” to win elections. |
| R’s Validity | Electoral success increasingly relies on “money and muscle power”. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | Criminal candidates offer illicit funds/coercion (R) → Parties prioritize wins over ethics (A). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R is the correct explanation for A. Money/muscle drive criminal patronage. |
🔍 31. The Question:
Assertion (A): There has been a decline in ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world in recent years.
Reason (R): This often means parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states “decline in ideological differences among parties globally”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT identifies “lack of meaningful voter choice” as a challenge. - Does A explain R?
🤝 Yes! A’s ideological convergence → parties offer similar policies → voters lack distinct choices (R).
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and A explains R! (Same ideologies = No real choice! 🔄)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | “Decline in ideological differences” among parties globally. |
| R’s Validity | Parties “do not offer meaningful choices” to voters. |
| Connection (A ➔ R) | Ideological sameness (A) → Voters see no real differences (R). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ A is the correct explanation for R. No ideology gap → No voter choice. |
🔍 32. The Question:
Assertion (A): The difference between the Labour Party and the Conservative Party in Britain is significant.
Reason (R): They agree on fundamental aspects but differ only in details on policy implementation.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
❌ No! NCERT states the difference between Labour and Conservative is “very little”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT says they “agree on fundamental aspects” but differ in “policy details”. - Does R explain A’s falsity?
🤝 Yes! R’s emphasis on shared fundamentals and minor policy gaps → A’s claim of “significant difference” is false.
🎯 Final Answer:
A is FALSE, R is TRUE, and R explains A’s falsity! (Agreement > Differences! 🤝)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | Labour and Conservative have “very little” difference. |
| R’s Validity | Parties agree on “fundamentals” but differ in “policy details”. |
| Connection (R ➔ A’s falsity) | Shared fundamentals (R) → Minimal ideological gap → A’s claim of significance is false. |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R explains why A is false. Textbook links minimal differences to policy nuances, not ideology. |
🔍 33. The Question:
Assertion (A): The Constitution was amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties.
Reason (R): This was done because elected representatives were indulging in defection for rewards or minister positions.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT confirms the Constitution was amended (via the Anti-Defection Law) to prevent party-switching by MLAs/MPs. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states the amendment aimed to curb defections for “cash rewards or ministerial posts”. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R’s “rewards/ministerial greed” directly prompted the constitutional amendment (A).
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Defection for greed ➔ Law to stop it! ⚖️)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | Constitution amended to “prevent defection” by MLAs/MPs. |
| R’s Validity | Amendment was a response to defections for “cash rewards/ministerial posts”. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | Defections for personal gain (R) ➔ necessitated the Anti-Defection Law (A). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R is the correct explanation for A. Greed-driven defection sparked legal reform. |
🔍 34. The Question:
Assertion (A): The law preventing defection has made dissent within the party more difficult for MPs and MLAs.
Reason (R): Under the new law, MPs and MLAs have to accept whatever the party leaders decide.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states the law made “dissent even more difficult” within parties. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT says MPs/MLAs must “accept whatever party leaders decide”. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R’s enforced compliance with leaders’ decisions → stifles dissent (A).
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Law silences dissent! 🔇)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | Anti-defection law “made dissent more difficult” for MPs/MLAs. |
| R’s Validity | Law mandates MPs/MLAs to “accept party leaders’ decisions”. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | Mandatory compliance (R) → No room for dissent (A). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R is the correct explanation for A. Legal compulsion suppresses internal dissent. |
🔍 35. The Question:
Assertion (A): The Supreme Court ordered mandatory filing of affidavits by election candidates detailing property and criminal cases.
Reason (R): This order was passed to reduce the influence of money and criminals in politics.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT confirms the Supreme Court mandated “affidavits detailing property and criminal cases” for election candidates. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states the order aimed to curb “influence of money and criminals” in politics. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R’s goal to reduce money/criminal power directly justifies the affidavit mandate (A).
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Transparency fights corruption! 🛡️)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | Supreme Court made affidavits “mandatory” for candidates. |
| R’s Validity | Order aimed to reduce “money and criminal influence” in elections. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | Affidavits (A) expose illicit wealth/criminality → deter corrupt practices (R). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R is the correct explanation for A. Legal reform targets electoral malpractices. |
🔍 36. The Question:
Assertion (A): The Supreme Court’s order regarding candidate affidavits has definitively led to a decline in the influence of the rich and criminals.
Reason (R): There is no system to check if the information given by candidates in affidavits is true.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
❌ No! NCERT states “we do not know if it has led to decline in the influence of the rich and criminals” → A is uncertain/false. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT confirms “no system to check if information… is true”. - Does R explain A’s falsity?
🤝 Yes! R’s lack of verification → No proof of reduced influence (A’s claim is unverified).
🎯 Final Answer:
A is FALSE, R is TRUE, and R explains why A is uncertain/false! (No checks = No confirmed impact! 🚫📉)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | Impact of affidavits on reducing money/criminal power is unproven. |
| R’s Validity | “No system to check affidavit truthfulness” exists. |
| Connection (R ➔ A’s falsity) | Unverified affidavits (R) → Cannot confirm reduced influence (A). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R explains A’s uncertainty. Lack of checks undermines A’s claim. |
🔍 37. The Question:
Assertion (A): The Election Commission ordered political parties to hold organisational elections and file income tax returns.
Reason (R): This step has clearly led to greater internal democracy in political parties.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT confirms the Election Commission mandated parties to “hold organisational elections and file income tax returns”. - Is R true?
❌ No! NCERT states “it is not clear if this step has led to greater internal democracy”. - Does R explain A?
❌ No! The order (A) exists, but its impact on internal democracy (R) remains unproven.
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is FALSE! (Procedural compliance ≠ Democratic reform! 📋🚫)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | EC’s order mandates “organisational elections and tax returns” for parties. |
| R’s Validity | Impact on internal democracy is “not clear”; parties may treat it as formality. |
| Connection (A ➔ R) | Order (A) exists, but no proven link to enhanced democracy (R). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ A is true, R is false. Textbook separates procedural rules from democratic outcomes. |
🔍 38. The Question:
Assertion (A): State funding of elections should be made compulsory for political parties.
Reason (R): This would involve the government giving parties money or resources to support election expenses.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
❌ No! NCERT mentions state funding as a suggestion (“should be made”) but clarifies it is not accepted/compulsory yet. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT accurately defines state funding as “government giving money/resources” for elections. - Does R explain A?
❌ No! R describes what state funding is, but A’s claim about compulsion remains unenacted.
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | State funding is a proposal (“should be made”) but not compulsory. |
| R’s Validity | R correctly defines state funding as “government support for election expenses”. |
| Connection (A ➔ R) | A is a recommendation, R is a definition – no causal link. |
| Final Verdict | ✅ A is FALSE, R is TRUE. Textbook separates proposals from current reality. |
🔍 39. The Question:
Assertion (A): Mandating a minimum number of tickets for women candidates is a widely accepted reform by political parties in India.
Reason (R): This suggestion aims to increase women’s representation in decision-making bodies of the party.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
❌ No! NCERT clarifies this reform “has not yet been accepted by political parties”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states the suggestion aims for “women’s representation in decision-making bodies”. - Does R explain A?
❌ No! R describes the goal of the reform, but A claims its acceptance (which is false).
🎯 Final Answer:
A is FALSE, R is TRUE! (Good intent ≠ Political acceptance! 🚫🤝)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | Mandating women tickets is a proposal, not widely accepted. |
| R’s Validity | Reform aims to boost “women’s representation in party decision-making”. |
| Connection (A ➔ R) | R justifies why the reform was suggested, but parties haven’t adopted it (A). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ A is false, R is true. Textbook separates reform goals from political reality. |
🔍 40. The Question:
Assertion (A): Legal solutions alone are sufficient to reform political parties.
Reason (R): Political parties will easily agree to pass laws that reform them.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
❌ No! NCERT warns “we must be very careful about legal solutions”, implying they are insufficient alone. - Is R true?
❌ No! NCERT states parties “will not agree to pass laws they do not like”. - Does R explain A?
❌ No! Both false; R’s falsity further undermines A.
🎯 Final Answer:
A is FALSE, R is FALSE! (Legal fixes ≠ Political will! 🚫📜
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | Legal solutions are not sufficient alone for party reform. |
| R’s Validity | Parties resist passing laws that threaten their interests. |
| Connection (A ➔ R) | A overstates legal power; R’s falsity shows why legal solutions face resistance. |
| Final Verdict | ❌ A and R are false. Textbook stresses legal reforms’ limitations. |
🔍 41. The Question:
Assertion (A): Over-regulation of political parties can be counter-productive.
Reason (R): It might force parties to find ways to cheat the law.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT explicitly states “over-regulation can be counter-productive”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT warns it “would force parties to find ways to cheat the law”. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R’s cheating incentive → defeats regulation’s purpose → makes it counter-productive (A).
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (More laws ≠ Better compliance! ⚠️)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | “Over-regulation can be counter-productive”. |
| R’s Validity | Excessive regulation “forces parties to cheat the law”. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | Cheating response (R) → negates regulation’s intent → counter-productive outcome (A). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R is the correct explanation for A. Textbook links regulatory excess to perverse incentives. |
🔍 42. The Question:
Assertion (A): People can put pressure on political parties to reform.
Reason (R): This can be done through petitions, publicity, agitations, pressure groups, and the media.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states “people can put pressure on political parties” to reform. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT lists methods: “petitions, publicity, agitations, pressure groups, and media”. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R details how public pressure (A) is applied.
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Collective action drives change! 🌟)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | “People can put pressure on parties” to reform. |
| R’s Validity | Tools include “petitions, publicity, agitations, pressure groups, and media”. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | R provides the means to execute public pressure (A). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R is the correct explanation for A. Textbook links methods to reform goals. |
🔍 43. The Question:
Assertion (A): If political parties feel they would lose public support by not taking up reforms, they would become more serious about reforms.
Reason (R): Political parties need to be responsive to people’s needs and demands, or people can reject them in elections.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states parties “would become more serious about reforms” if they fear losing public support. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT says parties “need to be responsive to people’s needs” or face electoral rejection. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R’s electoral accountability → Parties fear voter backlash → Motivates reform seriousness (A).
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Democracy’s accountability loop! 🔄)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | Fear of losing public support → Parties take reforms seriously. |
| R’s Validity | Parties “must respond to people’s needs” or face electoral rejection. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | R’s voter-power principle → Drives A’s reform incentive. |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R correctly explains A. Electoral consequences force reform urgency. |
🔍 44. The Question:
Assertion (A): Political parties fill political offices and exercise political power.
Reason (R): This is the basic function of political parties.
Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states parties “fill political offices and exercise political power”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT calls this their “basic function”. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R defines A as the fundamental purpose of parties.
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Core function revealed! ⚙️
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | Parties “fill political offices and exercise political power”. |
| R’s Validity | This is the “basic function” of parties. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | R establishes A as the essential role of parties. |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R is the correct explanation for A. Textbook defines this as parties’ primary purpose. |
🔍 45. The Question:
Assertion (A): In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among candidates put up by political parties.
Reason (R): This is one of the key functions of political parties.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states: “In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among candidates put up by political parties”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT lists “contesting elections” as a key party function. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R’s function → Parties nominate candidates → Elections become party contests (A).
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Parties = Election Architects! 🏗️)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | Most democracies feature elections dominated by party-nominated candidates. |
| R’s Validity | “Contesting elections” is a core function of parties. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | R’s role in fielding candidates → Directly enables A’s party-centric elections. |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R correctly explains A. Textbook defines election contestation as parties’ primary function. |
🔍 46. The Question:
Assertion (A): In countries like India, top party leaders choose candidates for contesting elections.
Reason (R): This is the only way candidates are selected in democracies.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT confirms: “In countries like India, top party leaders choose candidates”. - Is R true?
❌ No! NCERT contrasts India with systems like the US where “members/supporters choose candidates”. - Does R explain A?
❌ No! R falsely claims universality; selection methods vary globally.
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is FALSE! (India’s system ≠ Global norm! 🌍)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | Top leaders choose candidates in India (e.g., INC, BJP). |
| R’s Validity | False: US parties use member-driven primaries; methods differ across democracies. |
| Connection (A ➔ R) | A describes an India-specific practice, while R incorrectly generalizes it globally. |
| Final Verdict | ✅ A true, R false. Textbook highlights cross-national variation in candidate selection. |
🔍 47. The Question:
Assertion (A): Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.
Reason (R): Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states parties play a “decisive role in making laws”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT confirms laws are formally “debated and passed in the legislature”. - Does R explain A?
❌ No! R describes the formal venue (legislature), not how parties control the process (A).
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, but R does NOT explain A! (Process ≠ Influence! 🔄)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | Parties exert “decisive influence” in law-making via party discipline. |
| R’s Validity | Laws are formally “debated/passed in the legislature”. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | R explains where laws are made, not why parties dominate the process (A). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ Both true, but R unrelated to A’s claim. Textbook separates formal process from party control. |
🔍 48. The Question:
Assertion (A): Those parties that lose elections play the role of opposition.
Reason (R): Opposition parties voice different views and criticise the government.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states losing parties “play the role of opposition to the parties in power”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT describes opposition parties “voicing different views and criticising government”. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R defines how opposition parties fulfill their role (A).
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Opposition = Democracy’s Watchdog! 🐾🔍)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | Losing parties become the “opposition” to the ruling party. |
| R’s Validity | Opposition “voices different views and criticises government” policies. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | R describes the core function that defines the opposition role (A). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R is the correct explanation for A. Criticism and alternative voices = Opposition’s purpose. |
🔍 49. The Question:
Assertion (A): Parties shape public opinion.
Reason (R): They raise and highlight issues.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
✅ Yes! NCERT states parties “shape public opinion”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT explains parties do this by “raising and highlighting issues”. - Does R explain A?
🤝 Yes! R’s action (raising issues) is how parties shape public opinion (A).
🎯 Final Answer:
A is TRUE, R is TRUE, and R explains A! (Issues → Influence! 💡)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | Parties actively “shape public opinion”. |
| R’s Validity | They achieve this by “raising and highlighting issues”. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | Raising issues (R) is the primary mechanism for shaping public views (A). |
| Final Verdict | ✅ R is the correct explanation for A. Textbook directly links issue-raising to opinion-shaping. |
🔍 50. The Question:
Assertion (A): Pressure groups are never extensions of political parties.
Reason (R): Pressure groups launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people.
✅ Answer Breakdown
- Is A true?
❌ No! NCERT states “many pressure groups are extensions of political parties”. - Is R true?
✅ Yes! NCERT implies pressure groups engage in issue-based movements (via parties’ similar actions). - Does R explain A?
❌ No! R describes an activity, not the structural relationship refuted in A.
🎯 Final Answer:
A is FALSE, R is TRUE! (Structure ≠ Function! 🔄)
📚 Justification Simplified
| Key Point | NCERT Evidence |
|---|---|
| A’s Validity | False: Pressure groups are often party extensions. |
| R’s Validity | True: Movements for public issues align with pressure groups’ role. |
| Connection (R ➔ A) | R’s focus on activism doesn’t address A’s claim about organizational ties. |
| Final Verdict | ✅ A false, R true. Textbook separates groups’ actions from their party links. |
MORE Coming soon…………………
